Astaxanthin (amadeus) is a widely exists in the organism's red pigment, although "astaxanthin (also called shrimp red)" the word is rarely used in daily life, but astaxanthin (also called shrimp red element) exists in many kinds of human food. Most crustaceans such as shrimp, lobster, crab, etc of the red rendering were astaxanthin (amadeus) accumulation, there are some fish such as salmon color is astaxanthin (also called shrimp red element) the result of the accumulation, known as red golden dragon fish, ocean's colorful fairy, flowers, and blood parrot fish skin, scale of bright-coloured colour is astaxanthin (amadeus) the result of accumulation. "Astaxanthin (also called shrimp red element)" your show is red, when it and a variety of protein when combined with optical absorption, it can show green, yellow, blue, and brown. Now prove to show when crustaceans were boiled red is changed, the nature of the protein and astaxanthin (also called shrimp red element) released the chromophore. Black, red, blue, and green is astaxanthin (also called shrimp red element) and protein and chitinous compound. In blue white-cheeked geese in vivo and in vitro tissue and their eggs were detected in more than 90% purity of astaxanthin (also called shrimp red element). Lobster eggs before they hatch, green shrimp green element (amadeus) protein has a short, reserved part of the protein is released, astaxanthin (also called shrimp red element) is released.
In actual production, astaxanthin (also called shrimp red element) is commonly used for aquatic animals such as fish and shrimp and feed additive, in order to make up for the human diet astaxanthin (also called shrimp red element) lack of at the same time improve the quality of aquatic products, increase the ornamental value. Natural shrimp green element (also called shrimp red element) is a safe means of additives. Fish and shellfish, shrimp and green element (also called shrimp red element) absorption and accumulation than other carotenoids, such as Angle of xanthine, lutein and zeaxanthin is more effective. Astaxanthin is added in the aquaculture feed (also called shrimp red element) are: (1) the effect of shading of aquatic products; (2) to maintain and promote the breeding objects normal growth; (3) to prevent such as rainbow trout in aquatic products by lipid oxidation metamorphism; (4) for human food provides a wealth of astaxanthin source (also called shrimp red element).
Astaxanthin (also called shrimp red element) belongs to the carotenoid, nature is mainly produced by plants and algae, animals can't composite carotene, can only be obtained through the food chain from plants and algae. From red found in recent years, haematococcus pluvialis) production of astaxanthin (also called shrimp red element) develops very fast, because red found to grow fast, astaxanthin (also called shrimp red element) mass concentration is high, the other for natural shrimp green element (also called shrimp red element) method and: (1) the red yeast (phaffia rhodozyma) fermentation production. (2) from the carapace like Antarctic krill (superba) extracted from the by-product.
Astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway and genetic engineering bacteria
Because of astaxanthin is a kind of secondary carotenoids, its biosynthesis step is more and more complex. The initial study of carotenoids synthetic route starts from the bacteria and Marine bacteria. Carotenoids synthetic route is studied, then, bowel and Ht le and resistant to El sichuan respectively and their synthesis process are analyzed. From the point of the published research report, microorganism composite carrot family (including astaxanthin) are synthetic beta-carotene, first by carotenoids synthetic carotene. So together, astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway can be divided into two phases, the first stage is a carotene synthetic evening. In the second stage is a carotene on approved by rights (ketones) and the base form of vitamin E capsule. The first phase, the evening in the process of the synthesis of carotene, red hair, drunken mother and the main difference is the evening rain raw red found a key material different carotenoids synthetic pentene pyrophosphate (IPP) of different synthesis ways. The second phase by evening one carotene and minus shrimp in the process of the green house, synthetic route is divided into two.
At present, the coding of astaxanthin synthesis route of 27 different enzyme has more than one hundred and fifty genes from bacteria, plants, algae and fungi cells cloned, natural shrimp green element for the metabolic engineering was used to construct engineering strains and optimization of astaxanthin synthesis metabolism network provides the leather. Now, many researchers using gene recombination technology to the synthesis of astaxanthin gene cloning to cannot synthesize shrimp green vegetable, e. coli and yeast cells to produce astaxanthin but these genetic engineering bacteria due to a precursor of the shrimp green pigment synthesis capacity is limited, the basin and carotenoid content is very low.